I. Introduction

A. History and Origin

The Saint Bernard, a gentle and iconic mountain breed, traces its lineage back to the 17th century at the hospice of the Great St. Bernard Pass in the Swiss Alps. Monks of the hospice bred these dogs to assist travelers lost or injured in the treacherous mountain conditions.

The Saint Bernard’s ancestors were most likely Molossus-type dogs, known for their large size and strength. These dogs were crossed with native Alpine breeds, resulting in the distinctive appearance and temperament of the Saint Bernard we know today.

B. Key Characteristics

1. Physical Appearance:

Saint Bernards are massive dogs, with males standing at 28-30 inches tall at the shoulder and weighing 120-180 pounds. Females are slightly smaller, standing at 26-28 inches tall and weighing 100-130 pounds. They have thick double coats with a white base and characteristic reddish-brown markings.

2. Temperament:

Despite their imposing size, Saint Bernards are known for their gentle and loving nature. They are loyal and devoted companions, known for their affection towards children and other animals. They are also highly intelligent and trainable, making them excellent family pets.

3. Health Considerations:

Like many large breeds, Saint Bernards are susceptible to certain health conditions, such as:

• Hip dysplasia: A condition where the hip joint does not develop properly.
• Elbow dysplasia: A similar condition affecting the elbow joint.
• Gastric torsion (bloat): A potentially fatal condition where the stomach twists and fills with gas.

Proper nutrition, exercise, and veterinary care are essential to maintaining the health and longevity of Saint Bernards.

4. Training and Care:

Saint Bernards are generally easy to train but require early socialization to prevent shyness or aggression. They are energetic dogs that need daily exercise and stimulation. Their thick coats require regular brushing and grooming.

Conclusion:

The Saint Bernard is a magnificent breed that has captured the hearts of dog lovers for centuries. Their gentle nature, impressive size, and unwavering loyalty make them cherished companions and symbols of the indomitable spirit of the Swiss Alps. With proper care and training, these noble dogs can provide years of love and companionship to their families.

II. Physical Appearance

A. Size and Weight

Saint Bernard dogs are known for their massive size and impressive stature. They are one of the largest dog breeds in the world, with males typically weighing between 120 and 180 pounds and standing 28-30 inches tall at the shoulder. Females are slightly smaller, weighing between 100 and 140 pounds and standing 26-28 inches tall.

B. Coat and Color

Saint Bernards have a thick, double-layered coat that is designed to withstand the harsh Alpine conditions of their origin. The outer coat is long, straight, and water-resistant, while the undercoat is dense and insulating. The most common coat colors for Saint Bernards are brindle (a mixture of reddish-brown and white), mahogany (a rich dark brown), and white. Some Saint Bernards also have black patches on their bodies.

C. Facial Features

The Saint Bernard’s face is one of its most distinctive features. The head is large and broad, with a deep muzzle and a slight underbite. The eyes are dark brown or black and set deep under heavy brows. The ears are triangular and hang down close to the head.

1. Muzzle

The Saint Bernard’s muzzle is one of the most striking aspects of their face. It is broad and blunt, with a pronounced overbite. The lips are thick and loose, giving the dog a droopy appearance. The overbite is a defining characteristic of the breed and is essential for the dog’s ability to retrieve injured climbers in the mountains.

2. Eyes

The Saint Bernard’s eyes are dark brown or black and set deep under heavy brows. They have a kind and gentle expression that belies their massive size. The eyes are set far apart, giving the dog a wide field of vision.

3. Ears

The Saint Bernard’s ears are triangular and hang down close to the head. They are covered in short, soft hair. The ears are set high on the head and give the dog a curious expression.

4. Neck

The Saint Bernard’s neck is thick and muscular. It is covered in loose skin that forms folds around the throat. The neck is strong enough to support the dog’s massive head.

5. Body

The Saint Bernard’s body is long and powerful. It is supported by a strong, sturdy skeleton. The chest is broad and deep, giving the dog ample room for its lungs and heart. The back is straight and slightly sloped. The belly is slightly tucked up.

6. Tail

The Saint Bernard’s tail is long and thick. It is set low on the body and hangs down to the hocks. The tail is covered in long, thick hair. The tail is used for communication and balance.

7. Legs

The Saint Bernard’s legs are long and muscular. The legs are straight and well-proportioned. The thighs are broad and thick. The calves are well-muscled. The feet are large and round. The pads are thick and tough.

8. Coat

The Saint Bernard’s coat is thick and double-layered. The outer coat is long, straight, and water-resistant. The undercoat is dense and insulating. The coat comes in a variety of colors, including brindled, mahogany, and white.

9. Temperament

The Saint Bernard is known for its gentle and friendly temperament. They are patient and affectionate with children and make excellent family pets. Saint Bernards are also very loyal and protective of their families.

III. Temperament and Personality

Renowned for their colossal size and imposing stature, Saint Bernard dogs possess an equally endearing and complex temperament, characterized by gentleness, loyalty, and patience.

A. Gentle and Affectionate

At their core, Saint Bernards are gentle and affectionate creatures. Their immense size belies a soft-hearted nature, and they crave companionship and affection. They are incredibly loving and devoted to their family members, often showing affection through gentle head nudges, playful tail wags, and warm embraces. Their love knows no bounds, extending even to children and other pets.

B. Protective and Loyal

The protective instinct of Saint Bernards is deeply ingrained in their genetic makeup. They are fiercely loyal to their family and will not hesitate to defend them from perceived threats. Their protective nature, coupled with their imposing size, makes them excellent guard dogs. However, it’s important to note that Saint Bernards are not inherently aggressive dogs and will only act defensively if they feel their loved ones are in danger.

C. Calm and Patient

Saint Bernards are known for their calm and patient demeanor. They are not excitable or hyperactive dogs, preferring a more relaxed and sedate lifestyle. Their patience extends to both humans and other animals, making them ideal companions for families with children or other pets. They are also remarkably tolerant of handling and grooming, which makes them easy to care for.

Specific Temperament Traits

In addition to the general characteristics described above, Saint Bernards exhibit a range of specific temperament traits that further define their unique personality:

• Confidence: Saint Bernards are naturally self-assured dogs with a calm and dignified demeanor.
• Independence: While they enjoy companionship, Saint Bernards are also capable of being independent and self-reliant. They are often content to spend time alone, playing with toys or simply relaxing.
• Intelligence: Saint Bernards are highly intelligent dogs that are eager to please. They respond well to positive reinforcement and are capable of learning complex commands.
• Playfulness: Despite their large size, Saint Bernards are playful and enjoy engaging in games and activities that stimulate their mind and body.
• Sensitivity: Saint Bernards are sensitive dogs that can be easily upset by loud noises or harsh treatment. They require a gentle and understanding approach from their owners.

Factors Influencing Temperament

Like all dogs, the temperament of a Saint Bernard can be influenced by a variety of factors, including:

• Genetics: The temperament of a Saint Bernard is largely determined by its genetic makeup. Puppies from lines with a history of good temperament are more likely to exhibit desirable traits.
• Environment: The environment in which a Saint Bernard is raised can significantly impact its temperament. Puppies raised in loving and supportive homes are more likely to be well-adjusted and friendly.
• Training and Socialization: Training and socialization are essential for developing a well-rounded Saint Bernard. Early exposure to different people, animals, and situations helps puppies learn how to behave appropriately and develop positive social skills.

Conclusion

The temperament and personality of a Saint Bernard make them exceptional companions. Their gentle and affectionate nature, along with their protective and loyal instincts, make them ideal family dogs. Their calm and patient demeanor makes them suitable for homes with children and other pets. While their size may be intimidating to some, their gentle spirit makes them beloved by all who meet them. With proper training and socialization, Saint Bernards can become cherished members of any family, bringing years of unconditional love and devotion.

IV. Health and Care

A. Common Health Issues

Saint Bernard dogs are prone to several health issues due to their large size and breed-specific predispositions. Regular veterinary checkups and early detection are crucial for preventing or mitigating these conditions:

• Hip and Elbow Dysplasia: These hereditary conditions affect the hip and elbow joints, causing pain, lameness, and reduced mobility.
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): A heart condition that causes the heart muscle to weaken and enlarge, leading to heart failure.
• Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and twists, cutting off blood supply.
• Cancer: Saint Bernards have a higher risk of developing certain cancers, such as osteosarcoma and lymphoma.
• Eye Conditions: Cataracts, glaucoma, and progressive retinal atrophy are common eye problems in this breed.

B. Exercise and Nutrition

Exercise:
Saint Bernard dogs require moderate exercise to stay healthy and avoid obesity. Aim for daily walks or playtime that lasts for around 60 minutes. Avoid strenuous activities, such as jumping or running, which can strain their joints.

Nutrition:
* Feed your Saint Bernard a high-quality, large-breed dog food specifically formulated for their size and activity level.
* Divide their daily food intake into two or three smaller meals to reduce the risk of GDV.
* Monitor their weight to prevent obesity, which can exacerbate health problems.

C. Grooming and Maintenance

Coat:
* Saint Bernards have a thick, double coat that requires regular brushing to remove loose hair and prevent mats.
* Bathe them every few months or as needed using a gentle dog shampoo.
* Avoid overbathing, as this can strip the coat of its natural oils.

Ears and Eyes:
* Check their ears weekly for signs of infection or wax buildup.
* Wipe their eyes with a damp cloth to remove any discharge.

Teeth:
* Brush their teeth regularly to prevent plaque and tartar buildup.
* Provide chew toys to help clean their teeth.

Nails:
* Trim their nails regularly to prevent overgrowth and discomfort.

Additional Considerations:

• Socialization: Saint Bernard dogs are friendly and affectionate, but early socialization is essential to ensure they interact well with other animals and people.
• Training: They are intelligent but independent, so training is crucial to establish good manners and obedience.
• Veterinary Care: Regular veterinary checkups, vaccinations, and parasite prevention are essential for maintaining their health and well-being.

By understanding and addressing the specific health, exercise, nutrition, and grooming needs of Saint Bernard dogs, owners can ensure that their beloved companions lead long, healthy, and fulfilling lives.

V. Training and Behavior

Saint Bernard dogs, known for their gentle nature and impressive size, require proper training and socialization to become well-rounded companions. Here’s a comprehensive guide to training and understanding your Saint Bernard’s behavior:

A. Early Socialization:

Socialization is crucial for Saint Bernard puppies during the first 16 weeks of life. Exposing them to a variety of people, animals, and environments helps them develop confidence and prevent fear or aggression later on. Enroll your puppy in puppy classes or take them on short walks to meet new people and experience different sights and sounds.

B. Obedience Commands:

Begin teaching your Saint Bernard basic obedience commands as early as possible. Using positive reinforcement methods, such as treats and praise, train them to respond to commands like “sit,” “stay,” “come,” “down,” and “heel.” Consistency and patience are key in establishing good obedience habits.

C. Specialized Skills:

Saint Bernard dogs are traditionally known for their ability to perform specific tasks:

• Drafting: Saint Bernards were originally bred to transport heavy loads. They still excel at pulling carts or carrying backpacks on adventures.
• Water Rescue: Their strong swimming skills make Saint Bernards adept at water rescue. With proper training, they can retrieve objects or assist in saving people from drowning.
• Tracking: Saint Bernards have a keen sense of smell and can be trained to track scents. They were historically used for search and rescue missions in the Swiss Alps.

Training Tips:

• Start early: Begin training as soon as your puppy comes home.
• Use positive reinforcement: Reward your dog for desired behaviors with treats, praise, or affection.
• Be consistent: Train your dog consistently and avoid using harsh methods.
• Socialize your dog: Expose your Saint Bernard to various experiences and people to prevent behavioral issues.
• Seek professional help: If you encounter any challenges or have concerns about your dog’s behavior, consult a certified dog trainer or veterinarian.

Behavior Considerations:

• Gentle giants: Saint Bernards are generally known for their gentle and loving nature. However, they can be prone to boisterous play and accidental knocking over due to their size.
• Independence: Saint Bernards can be independent thinkers. They may resist training or refuse to follow commands if they don’t see the benefit.
• Drooling: Saint Bernards are known for drooling excessively. Keep their water bowl readily available and provide them with plenty of towels to wipe their faces.
• Exercise needs: Saint Bernards require regular exercise to stay healthy and prevent boredom. Long walks, hikes, or swimming are excellent activities for them.
• Health considerations: Saint Bernards are prone to certain health issues, such as hip dysplasia and bloat. Regular veterinary checkups and a healthy diet are essential for their well-being.

By following these guidelines, you can help your Saint Bernard dog become a well-trained, confident, and loving companion. Remember that every dog is unique, and training should be tailored to their individual needs and personality.

VI. Working Abilities

A. Avalanche Rescue

Saint Bernard dogs are renowned for their remarkable ability to rescue victims trapped in avalanches. Their massive size and strength allow them to navigate treacherous terrain and dig through deep snow with ease.

They are equipped with a thick double coat that provides insulation and protects them from the cold. Their keen sense of smell enables them to detect humans beneath the snow, even at great depths.

Over the centuries, Saint Bernards have saved countless lives in the Swiss Alps. They were often accompanied by monks from the Great St. Bernard Hospice, where they would patrol the mountain passes, searching for lost travelers.

B. Search and Rescue

Saint Bernards also excel in search and rescue operations in a variety of environments. Their powerful bodies and tireless nature make them ideal for tracking down missing persons or survivors in disaster zones.

They possess an excellent sense of direction and can cover vast distances with little effort. Their keen senses allow them to detect scents and sounds from far away, making them invaluable assets in finding concealed individuals.

Saint Bernards have proven themselves indispensable in assisting law enforcement and emergency responders in search and rescue missions, including natural disasters, building collapses, and wilderness rescues.

C. Draft Dogs

Historically, Saint Bernard dogs were also used as draft dogs, pulling heavy loads and wagons. Their immense strength and endurance made them well-suited for this role.

In the early 19th century, Saint Bernards were particularly sought after to transport goods across the Swiss Alps. They could carry up to 500 pounds of cargo through challenging mountain passes.

Today, while they are less commonly used as draft dogs, Saint Bernards still exhibit the same strength and tenacity that once made them invaluable workhorses. They are often used for pulling carts or carrying supplies in outdoor activities and competitions.

Conclusion

In addition to their noble qualities as companions, Saint Bernard dogs possess an impressive array of working abilities. They have long been celebrated for their heroic roles in avalanche rescue and search and rescue operations. Their strength and endurance also make them capable draft dogs.

The skills and temperament of Saint Bernards have made them indispensable partners to humans for centuries. They continue to serve society with loyalty, courage, and determination, proving their worth as versatile and extraordinary working dogs.

VII. Living Environment

A. Suitable Climate

Saint Bernard dogs are known for their cold tolerance, but they can still experience discomfort in extreme temperatures. The ideal climate for these dogs is one that is cool and dry, with average temperatures ranging from 45°F to 70°F.

In warmer climates, Saint Bernards may overheat easily, especially during the summer months. It’s important to provide them with access to shaded areas, plenty of fresh water, and air-conditioned spaces where they can cool down. Conversely, in colder climates, they may need extra warmth, such as a heated bed or a sweater.

B. Indoor or Outdoor Shelter

Saint Bernard dogs can live both indoors and outdoors, but indoor living is generally recommended. These dogs love to spend time with their family and can become lonely or destructive if left alone outside for extended periods.

If you do choose to house your Saint Bernard outdoors, make sure you provide them with a safe and comfortable shelter that protects them from the elements. The shelter should be big enough for the dog to stand up and turn around in, and it should have a raised floor to keep them off the damp ground. You should also provide plenty of bedding to keep the dog warm and comfortable.

C. Need for Companionship

Saint Bernard dogs are very social animals and crave companionship. They are best suited for families or individuals who can provide them with plenty of love and attention. These dogs are happiest when they are part of a pack and may become anxious or destructive if left alone for too long.

If you have a busy lifestyle, it’s important to consider getting a second Saint Bernard or another compatible dog to keep your first dog company. This will help prevent loneliness and destructive behaviors.

Other Considerations for the Living Environment

In addition to the climate, shelter, and companionship mentioned above, there are several other factors to consider when creating a suitable living environment for your Saint Bernard dog:

• Exercise: Saint Bernard dogs need regular exercise to stay healthy and happy. Aim for at least an hour of exercise each day, which can include walks, runs, or playtime in the yard.
• Grooming: Saint Bernard dogs have thick, double coats that require regular brushing to remove loose hair and prevent mats. They should also be bathed occasionally, especially after spending time outdoors.
• Nutrition: Saint Bernard dogs need a high-quality diet that is low in fat and high in protein. Avoid feeding your dog table scraps or sugary treats.
• Veterinary care: All dogs need regular veterinary care to stay healthy. Saint Bernard dogs are prone to certain health conditions, such as hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia, so it’s important to take them for regular checkups and screenings.

By providing your Saint Bernard dog with a suitable living environment, you can help ensure that they live a long and healthy life.

VIII. Common Misconceptions

Saint Bernards have a reputation for being gentle giants, but there are a number of misconceptions about these dogs that can make people hesitant to adopt them. Here are three of the most common misconceptions, and the truth behind them:

A. Aggression

Saint Bernards are often thought of as being aggressive, but this is not typically the case. In fact, they are very friendly and gentle dogs. They are known for their love of children and their protective nature. However, like any dog, Saint Bernards can become aggressive if they are not properly socialized and trained.

B. Drooling

Another common misconception about Saint Bernards is that they drool excessively. While it is true that Saint Bernards do drool more than some other breeds, it is not as bad as many people think. Most Saint Bernards will only drool when they are eating, drinking, or excited. With proper training, you can teach your Saint Bernard to drool less.

C. Lack of Exercise

Saint Bernards are often thought of as being lazy dogs that do not require a lot of exercise. This is not true. While Saint Bernards are not as active as some other breeds, they still need regular exercise to stay healthy and happy. A Saint Bernard that does not get enough exercise can become bored and destructive.

Here are some additional facts about Saint Bernards that you may not know:

• Saint Bernards are one of the largest breeds of dogs, with males typically weighing between 120 and 180 pounds and females weighing between 100 and 140 pounds.
• Saint Bernards have a thick, double coat that helps to protect them from the cold.
• Saint Bernards are known for their love of children.
• Saint Bernards are very trainable dogs.
• Saint Bernards are typically healthy dogs with a life expectancy of 8 to 10 years.

If you are considering adopting a Saint Bernard, it is important to do your research and learn as much as you can about the breed. By dispelling these common misconceptions, you can make an informed decision about whether or not a Saint Bernard is the right dog for you.

IX. Choosing a Saint Bernard

Embarking on the journey of Saint Bernard ownership is a momentous decision that demands careful consideration. To ensure the well-being of both you and your beloved companion, there are three crucial factors to ponder before welcoming a Saint Bernard into your life:

A. Reputable Breeders:

• Seek breeders with ethical practices, prioritize the health and temperament of their dogs, and provide a breeding stock free of known genetic defects.
• Visit the breeder’s facility, observe the breeding stock and living conditions, and request health clearances for the parents.
• Consider breeders who participate in kennel clubs or breed associations, which often have strict guidelines and regulations.

B. Health Screening:

• Saint Bernards are prone to certain health conditions, including hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and bloat.
• Insist on health screening results for both parents, including OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) or PennHIP (Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program) evaluations for hip dysplasia, and OVC (Orthopedic Veterinary Conference) or CERF (Canine Eye Registration Foundation) examinations for eye conditions.
• Reputable breeders will gladly provide these results, demonstrating their commitment to producing healthy puppies.

C. Expectations and Responsibilities:

• Exercise and Activity: Saint Bernards are large, energetic dogs that require ample exercise. Daily walks, playtime in a fenced-in yard, or canine sports such as agility or obedience are essential.
• Grooming: Their thick, double coats require regular brushing to prevent matting and shedding. Bathing should be occasional to avoid drying out their skin.
• Training and Socialization: As with any dog, early training and socialization are vital for a well-behaved companion. Saint Bernards can be stubborn, so patience and positive reinforcement are key.
• Veterinary Care: Regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, and parasite control are essential for maintaining your Saint Bernard’s health.
• Lifespan and Cost: Saint Bernards have a lifespan of 8-10 years. Be prepared for the financial responsibilities associated with veterinary care, food, grooming, and other expenses throughout their lifetime.

In addition to these factors, consider your lifestyle and living situation. Saint Bernards are not well-suited for apartment living or for owners who are frequently away from home. They thrive in families with ample space and time to dedicate to their care and companionship.

Remember, choosing a Saint Bernard is a commitment you make for their entire life. By carefully considering the above factors, you can increase the likelihood of finding a healthy, well-adjusted companion who will bring joy and unconditional love into your home for many years to come.